| TRANSMEMBRANE POTENTIAL |
28 |
24hr |
rat |
hepatocytes |
tetramethylrhodamine ethyl ester (TMRE) |
decrease |
AC50 (μM) |
40 |
| STATE 2 RESPIRATION |
25.7 ± 4.5 |
|
rat |
isolated rat liver mitochondria |
State 2 respiration ( 96-well plate format using a phosphorescent oxygen-sensitive probe MitoXpress) |
inhibit |
UC50 (nmol/mg mitochondrial protein) |
40 |
| STATE 3 RESPIRATION |
39.8 ± 2.9 |
|
rat |
isolated rat liver mitochondria |
State 3 respiration ( 96-well plate format using a phosphorescent oxygen-sensitive probe MitoXpress) |
inhibit |
IC50 (nmol/mg mitochondrial protein) |
40 |
| LIPID METABOLISM |
78 |
24hr |
rat |
hepatocytes |
LipidTox, for neutral lipid accumulation, to evaluate lipid content. |
accumulation |
AC50 (μM) |
40 |
| GLUTATHIONE METABOLISM |
40 |
24hr |
rat |
hepatocytes |
glutathion depletion: cells were incubated with 50 μM monochlorobimane with 6 μg/ml Hoechst 33342 |
|
AC50 (μM) |
40 |
| ROS PRODUCTION |
109 |
|
rat |
hepatocytes |
use CM-H2DCFDA to monitor reactive oxygen species |
|
AC50 (μM) |
40 |
| CYTOCHROME C RELEASE |
59 |
24hr |
rat |
hepatocytes |
cytochrome c release (anti-cytochrome c antibody ) |
induce |
AC50 (μM) |
40 |
| ER STRESS-INDUCED |
53 |
24hr |
rat |
hepatocytes |
DNA damage 153 induction (GADD153 antibodies) for ER-stress induced apoptosis |
induce |
AC50 (μM) |
40 |
